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ch　more　value　than　one　which　has　been　made　perfect　by　the　skill　of　a　modern　restorer。　　The　more　skilful　he　is；　that　is　to　say　the　better　he　can　fe　the　style　of　the　original；　the　more　worthless　he　renders　the　volume。

Printing　seems　to　have　superseded　the　art　of　the　illuminator　more　promptly　and　pletely　in　England　than　on　the　Continent。　　The　dames　galantes　of　Brantome's　memoirs　took　pleasure　in　illuminated　Books　of　Hours；　suited　to　the　nature　of　their　devotions。　　As　late　as　the　time　of　Louis　XIV。；　Bussy　Rabutin　had　a　volume　of　the　same　kind；　illuminated　with　portraits　of　〃saints；〃　of　his　own　canonisation。　The　most　famous　of　these　modern　examples　of　costly　MSS。　was　〃La　Guirlande　de　Julie；〃　a　collection　of　madrigals　by　various　courtly　hands；　presented　to　the　illustrious　Julie；　daughter　of　the　Marquise　de　Rambouillet；　most　distinguished　of　the　Precieuses；　and　wife　of　the　Duc　de　Montausier；　the　supposed　original　of　Moliere's　Alceste。　The　MS。　was　copied　on　vellum　by　Nicholas　Jarry；　the　great　calligraph　of　his　time。　　The　flowers　on　the　margin　were　painted　by　Robert。　　Not　long　ago　a　French　amateur　was　so　lucky　as　to　discover　the　MS。　book　of　prayers　of　Julie's　noble　mother；　the　Marquise　de　Rambouillet。　The　Marquise　wrote　these　prayers　for　her　own　devotions；　and　Jarry；　the　illuminator；　declared　that　he　found　them　most　edifying；　and　delightful　to　study。　　The　manuscript　is　written　on　vellum　by　the　famous　Jarry；　contains　a　portrait　of　the　fair　Julie　herself；　and　is　bound　in　morocco　by　Le　Gascon。　　The　happy　collector　who　possesses　the　volume　now；　heard　vaguely　that　a　manuscript　of　some　interest　was　being　exposed　for　sale　at　a　trifling　price　in　the　shop　of　a　country　bookseller。　　The　description　of　the　book；　casual　as　it　was；　made　mention　of　the　monogram　on　the　cover。　　This　was　enough　for　the　amateur。　　He　rushed　to　a　railway　station；　travelled　some　three　hundred　miles；　reached　the　country　town；　hastened　to　the　bookseller's　shop；　and　found　that　the　book　had　been　withdrawn　by　its　owner。　　Happily　the　possessor；　unconscious　of　his　bliss；　was　at　home。　　The　amateur　sought　him　out；　paid　the　small　sum　demanded；　and　returned　to　Paris　in　triumph。　　Thus；　even　in　the　region　of　manuscriptcollecting；　there　are　extraordinary　prizes　for　the　intelligent　collector。

TO　KNOW　IF　A　MANUSCRIPT　IS　PERFECT

If　the　manuscript　is　of　English　or　French　writing　of　the　twelfth；　thirteenth；　fourteenth；　or　fifteenth　centuries；　it　is　probably　either（1）　a　Bible；　（2）　a　Psalter；　（3）　a　book　of　Hours；　or　（4）；　but　rarely；　a　Missal。　　It　is　not　worth　while　to　give　the　collation　of　a　gradual；　or　a　hymnal；　or　a　processional；　or　a　breviary；　or　any　of　the　fifty　different　kinds　of　servicebooks　which　are　occasionally　met　with；　but　which　are　never　twice　the　same。

To　collate　one　of　them；　the　reader　must　go　carefully　through　the　book；　seeing　that　the　catchwords；　if　there　are　any；　answer　to　the　head　lines；　and　if　there　are　〃signatures；〃　that　is；　if　the　foot　of　the　leaves　of　a　sheet　of　parchment　has　any　mark　for　enabling　the　binder　to　〃gather〃　them　correctly；　going　through　them；　and　seeing　that　each　signed　leaf　has　its　corresponding　〃blank。〃

1。　　To　collate　a　Bible；　it　will　be　necessary　first　to　go　through　the　catchwords；　if　any；　and　signatures；　as　above；　then　to　notice　the　contents。　　The　first　page　should　contain　the　Epistle　of　St。　Jerome　to　the　reader。　　It　will　be　observed　that　there　is　nothing　of　the　nature　of　a　titlepage；　but　I　have　often　seen　titlepages　supplied　by　some　ignorant　imitator　in　the　last　century；　with　the　idea　that　the　book　was　imperfect　without　one。　　The　books　of　the　Bible　follow　in　orderbut　the　order　not　only　differs　from　ours；　but　differs　in　different　copies。　　The　Apocryphal　books　are　always　included。　　The　New　Testament　usually　follows　on　the　Old　without　any　break；　and　the　book　concludes　with　an　index　of　the　Hebrew　names　and　their　signification　in　Latin；　intended　to　help　preachers　to　the　figurative　meaning　of　the　biblical　types　and　parables。　　The　last　line　of　the　Bible　itself　usually　contains　a　colophon；　in　which　sometimes　the　name　of　the　writer　is　given；　sometimes　the　length　of　time　it　has　taken　him　to　write；　and　sometimes　merely　the　〃Explicit。　Laus　Deo；〃　which　has　found　its　way　into　many　modern　books。　　This　colophon；　which　es　as　a　rule　immediately　before　the　index；　often　contains　curious　notes；　hexameters　giving　the　names　of　all　the　books；　biographical　or　local　memoranda；　and　should　always　be　looked　for　by　the　collector。　　One　such　line　occurs　to　me。　　It　is　in　a　Bible　written　in　Italy　in　the　thirteenth　century　

〃Qui　scripsit　scribat。　　Vergilius　spe　domini　vivat。〃

Vergilius　was；　no　doubt；　in　this　case　the　scribe。　　The　Latin　and　the　writing　are　often　equally　crabbed。　　In　the　Bodleian　there　is　a　Bible　with　this　colophon　

〃Finito　libro　referemus　gratias　Christo　m。cc。lxv。　indict。　viij。　Ego　Lafracus　de　Pacis　de　Cmoa　scriptor　scripsi。〃

This　was　also　written　in　Italy。　　English　colophons　are　often　very　quaint〃Qui　scripsit　hunc　librum　fiat　collocatus　in　Paradisum；〃　is　an　example。　　The　following　gives　us　the　name　of　one　Master　Gerard；　who；　in　the　fourteenth　century；　thus　poetically　described　his　ownership：

〃Si　Ge　ponaturet　rar　simul　associatur　　Et　dus　reddaturcui　perti　ita　vocatur。〃

In　a　Bible　written　in　England；　in　the　British　Museum；　there　is　a　long　colophon；　in　which；　after　the　name　of　the　writer〃hunc　librum　scripsit　Wills　de　Hales；〃there　is　a　prayer　for　Ralph　of　Nebham；　who　had　called　Hales　to　the　writing　of　the　book；　followed　by　a　date　〃Fes。　fuit　liber　anno　M。cc。i。　quarto　ab　incarnatione　domini。〃　　In　this　Bible　the　books　of　the　New　Testament　were　in　the　following　order：　the　Evangelists；　the　Acts；　the　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　the　Epistles　of　S。　Paul；　and　the　Apocalypse。　　In　a　Bible　at　Brussels　I　found　the　colophon　after　the　index：　〃Hic　expliciunt　interpretationes　Hebrayorum　nominum　Do　gris　qui　potens　est　p。　sup。　omia。〃　　Some　of　these　Bibles　are　of　marvellously　small　dimensions。　　The　smallest　I　ever　saw　was　at　Ghent；　but　it　was　very　imperfect。　　I　have　one　in　which　there　are　thirteen　lines　of　writing　in　an　inch　of　the　column。　　The　order　of　the　books　of　the　New　Testament　in　Bibles　of　the　thirteenth　century　is　usually　according　to　one　or　other　of　the　three　following　arrangements：

（1。）　　The　Evangelists；　Romans　to　Hebrews；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Apocalypse。

（2。）　　The　Evangelists；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Epistles　of　S。　Paul；　Apocalypse。　　This　is　the　most　mon。

（3。）　　The　Evangelists；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Apocalypse；　and　Epistles　of　S。　Paul。

On　the　fly　leaves　of　these　old　Bibles　there　are　often　very　curious　inscriptions。　　In　one　I　have　this：　〃Haec　biblia　emi　Haquinas　prior　monasterii　Hatharbiensis　de　dono　domini　regis　Norwegie。〃　　Who　was　this　King　of　Norway　who；　in　1310；　gave　the　Prior　of　Hatherby　money　to　buy　a　Bible；　which　was　probably　written　at　Canterbury？　　And　e　has　a　Norwegian　sound；　and　reminds　us　of　St。　Thomas　of　that　surname。　　In　another　manuscript　I　have　seen

〃Articula　Fidei：　Nascitur；　abluitur；　patitur；　descendit　at　ima　Surgit　et　ascendit；　veniens　discernere　cuncta。〃

In　another　this：

〃Sacramenta　ecclesiae：　Abluo；　fumo；　cibo；　piget；　ordinat；　uxor　et　ungit。〃

I　will　conclude　these　notes　on　MS。　Bibles　with　the　following　colophon　from　a　copy　written　in　Italy　in　the　fifteenth　century：

〃Finito　libro　vivamus　semper　in　Christo　　Si　semper　in　Christo　carebimus　ultimo　leto。　Explicit　Deo　gratias；　Amen。　　Stephanus　de　Tantaldis　scripsit　in　pergamo。〃

2。　　The　〃Psalter〃　of　the　thirteenth　century　is　usually　to　be　considered　a　forerunner　of　the　〃Book　of　Hours。〃　　It　always　contains；　and　usually　mences　with；　a　Calendar；　in　which　are　written　against　certain　days　the　〃obits〃　of　benefactors　and　others；　so　that　a　well　filled　Psalter　often　bees　a　historical　document　of　high　value　and　importance。　　The　first　page　of　the　psalms　is　ornamented　with　a　huge　B；　which　often　fills　the　whole　page；　and　contains　a　representation　of　David　and　Goliath　ingeniously　fitted　to　the　shape　of　the　letter。　At　the　end　are　usually　to　be　found　the　hymns　of　the　Three　Children；　and　others　from　the　Bible　together　with　the　Te　Deum；　and　sometimes；　in　late　examples；　a　litany。　　In　some